Monday, March 28, 2011

Roll Back Malaria Update March 2011









Read this issue and previous issues online.
Announcements / Press Releases
African Union Ministerial Dinner on Health Financing [RBM] — (English)
Coinciding with the 'Fourth Joint African Union Commission and UNECA Conference of Ministers of Finance', RBM Partners convened a Ministerial Dinner on Health Financing in Addis Ababa on 27 March 2011 to encourage African Ministers of Finance to sustain public health as a national investment priority...

Defining the roadmap for Muslim philanthropy [World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists] — (English)
The 4th World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists has brought together a wide range of public and private sector leaders, scholars and philanthropists to delineate a comprehensive strategy for philanthropy that will foster social and economic development and empower young people to play a constructive role in their societies. The case of malaria was discussed as an opportunity for philanthropists to save lives and reduce poverty...

Harmonization Working Group (HWG): Grant Consolidation and Round 11 Work Stream [RBM] — (English)
Overview, work stream meetings and reference documents...

Harmonization Working Group (HWG): Strategic Planning and Malaria Programme Reviews [RBM] — (English)
Overview, work stream meetings and reference documents...

Oslo Malaria Conference: 12-13 April 2011 [RBM, The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norwegian Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies] — (English)
The conference will focus on "Getting to zero" – INNOVATION THROUGH PARTNERSHIPS TO END MALARIA DEATHS BY 2015. This will only be possible through a significant scale-up of malaria interventions as well as political commitment to provide early access to health service and treatment reaching the whole population...

Malaria as an complication to landmine and war injuries [The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Press Release] — (English)
Malaria can complicate the course of disease in poor farmers with landmine injuries in underdeveloped countries, where both malaria and war injuries are frequent causes of illness and death...

RBM Partnership Flyer [RBM] — (English)
The Roll Back Malaria Partnership (RBM) brings together more than 500 partners to mobilize coordinated action against malaria worldwide...

Malaria Funding and Resource Utilization: The First Decade of Roll Back Malaria [RBM] — (English)
Report now available in Arabic, Chinese and Portuguese...

RBM Vacancies: Technical Officer [RBM] — (English)
Deadline for applications: 11 April 2011 ...

RBM Vacancies: Writer [RBM] — (English)
Deadline for applications: 7 April 2011 ...
28.03.2011

Weltmalariatag [Düsseldorf Guide] — (German)
Eine Stadtkampagne mit dem Titel "Malaria – Wir haben was dagegen!" in Düsseldorf mit einer Auftaktveranstaltung zum Weltmalariatag am 23. April auf dem Vorplatz der Düsseldorf Arcaden......
27.03.2011

Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection increases Foxp3, IL-10 and IL-2 in CXCL-10 deficient C57BL/6 mice [Malaria Journal 2011, 10:69] — (English)
The article continues to explore the underlying factors of dysregulation of the pro-inflammatory response implicated in cerebral malaria, using the mouse model......
26.03.2011

MOZAMBIQUE: LAUNCH OF NATIONAL ANTI-MALARIA CAMPAIGN [Agenzia Giornalistica Italia] — (English)
By the end of the month 2,2 million insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets will be handed out in Mozambique......
25.03.2011

Anti-malaria bed nets v F-35s [The Economist (blog)] — (English)
In fact, the existence of high returns to investment on anti-malarial health campaigns in the developing world has become something of a catch-all argument against any other form of government intervention in recent years; most notably, it figures prominently in Bjorn Lomborg's arguments against spending on reducing carbon emissions. And yet somehow we don't seem to be increasing the amount we spend to fight malaria, even as we are increasingly regaled with arguments that spending on things besides fighting malaria is foolish and wasteful, because we could save so many more lives by spending more on fighting malaria. Indeed, the 2011 budget submitted by the House slashes the State Department's budget for aid to fight malaria (and AIDS, and tuberculosis) in the developing world by billions of dollars, while leaving the budget for bombing Libya (and everything else the Defence Department does) untouched......

CCRDA Launches Anti-Malaria Projects in Ethiopia [] — (English)
Aiming to reduce burden of malaria in border and pastoralist areas of Ethiopia, the Consortium of Christian Relief and Development Association (CCRDA) today (March 25, 2011) launches projects......

Study finds malaria as a serious problem for patients with landmine injuries [News-Medical.net] — (English)
Malaria can complicate the course of disease in poor farmers with landmine injuries in underdeveloped countries, where both malaria and war injuries are frequent causes of illness and death. Tove Heger's doctoral research has charted the extent and effect of malaria on war-injured people and studied the potential for preventing them contracting the disease......

Malaria-free Visayas seen [Manila Bulletin] — (English)
Gearing up to make the country malaria-free by 2020, a top official from the Department of Health (DoH) expressed confidence that before the deadline the entire Visayas Islands will soon be declared as malaria-free. Dr. Mario Villaverde, DoH undersecretary who was recently here to grace the World TB-day Celebration, announced that for Visayas Islands that comprise the three regions of Eastern, Central and Western Visayas only two provinces have not been declared as malaria-free. The provinces were identified as Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental......

Malaria report shows rapid progress towards international targets [Foroyaa online] — (English)
A massive scale-up in malaria control programmes between 2008 and 2010 has resulted in the provision of enough insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) to protect more than 578 million people at risk of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Indoor residual spraying has also protected 75 million people, or 10% of the population at risk in 2009. The World malaria report 2010 describes how the drive to provide access to antimalarial interventions to all those who need them, called for by the UN Secretary-General in 2008, is producing results......

Anti-mosquito drives stumble at final ten per cent [Science and Development Network] — (English)
Eliminating malaria by controlling mosquitoes may prove impossible unless control programmes consider that mosquitoes reproduce faster as their numbers dwindle, says a study......

Differential Induction of Functional IgG Using the Plasmodium falciparum Placental Malaria Vaccine Candidate VAR2CSA [PLOS One] — (English)
Binding inhibitory antibodies appeared to be against conformational B-cell epitopes. Non-binding inhibitory antibodies reacted highly against the C-terminal end of the VAR2CSA molecule especially the highly polymorphic DBL6ε domain. Differential species-specific induction of antibody responses may allow for more direct analysis of functional versus non-functional B-cell epitopes......
24.03.2011

Yes, What About Malaria Nets? [The Plank on TNR.com (blog)] — (English)
Funding for global health initiatives has become a rhetorical issue in the debate over military action in Libya. Paying to fight malaria almost surely saves more lives, at less cost, than paying to fight Qaddafi......

Are herders protected by their herds? An experimental analysis of zooprophylaxis against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis [Malaria Journal 2011, 10:68] — (English)
This study tackles an interesting and important question regarding the biology of the mosquitoes, Anopheles arabiensis and An. pharoensis, human malaria vectors in Africa. Through a comparative study using various trapping devices and arrangements, the authors provide new insights into the definition of the loosely-understood concept of “anthropophily”......

Rapid diagnostic tests as a source of DNA for Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR [Malaria Journal 2011, 10:67] — (English)
The best method to recover DNA from nitrocellulose from RDTs was investigated and then the applicability of this DNA extraction method was assessed on 12 different RDT brands......

Advierten riesgos ante reintroducción de pesticida DDT [Science and Development Network] — (Spanish)
.Nueva evidencia sobre efectos negativos del pesticida DDT sobre la salud y temores ante su reintroducción en algunos países, justifican buscar alternativas a este agente para el control de la malaria.....
23.03.2011

Mexican Finds Molecule That Could Help Combat Malaria [Latin American Herald Tribune] — (English)
A doctoral student has discovered a molecule that could be the key to reducing the development of malaria parasites inside the host mosquito, Mexico’s Research and Advanced Studies Center, or Cinvestav, said Wednesday......

Smart phone microscopes could battle malaria [WTOP] — (English)
Now, researchers are adapting cell phones with a clip-on component and turning them into microscopes......

Synchronized anti-malaria border spraying set on April 11 [PIA Information Services] — (English)
In efforts to eliminate malaria in the area, synchronized border spraying with the provinces of Kalinga, Isabela and Ifugao will be conducted on April 11......

Killer fungi attack malaria [BioPortfolio] — (English)
A transgenic fungus that kills human malaria parasites in mosquitoes promises a solution for the epidemic......
22.03.2011

Malaria mosquitoes reveal pathogen defense strategies [PhysOrg.com] — (English)
In analyzing malaria mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa, a Cornell-led team of researchers finds evidence of two very different evolutionary paths in the immune systems of neighboring mosquito groups......

Low prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum antigenaemia among asymptomatic HAART-treated adults in an urban cohort in Uganda [Malaria Journal 2011, 10:66] — (English)
This paper reports on the cross-sectional screening with a malaria RDT of asymptomatic HIV-positive adults on HAART in the capital city of Uganda, an area of meso-endemic malaria transmission. The authors found a low prevalence of P. falciparum antigenaemia (HRP2-based RDT positivity). They conclude that parasite-based malaria diagnosis should be used in similar populations......

Malaria mosquitoes evolve differently to ward off pathogens [Chronicle Online] — (English)
In analyzing malaria mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa, a Cornell-led team of researchers finds evidence of two very different evolutionary paths in the immune systems of neighboring mosquito groups......
Articles requiring subscription
Daily survival and human blood index of major malaria vectors associated with oil palm cultivation in Cameroon and their role in malaria transmission [Tropical Medicine & International Health, Volume 16, Issue 4, pages 447–457, April 2011] — (English)
Any vector control strategy intending to significantly reduce the malaria burden in the palm estate will have to take into account entomological heterogeneity in addition to ecological and socio-economic multiplicity...

Artemether and Artesunate Show the Highest Efficacies in Rescuing Mice with Late-Stage Cerebral Malaria and Rapidly Decrease Leukocyte Accumulation in the Brain [Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, April 2011, p. 1383-1390, Vol. 55, No. 4] — (English)
Artemether and artesunate are effective in rescuing mice with late-stage ECM and decrease brain inflammation. In addition, the described protocols for more strict clinical evaluation and for rescue treatment provide a framework for studies of CM adjunctive therapies using this mouse model...

Malaria vector control: from past to future [Parasitology Research, Volume 108, Number 4, 757-779, DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2232-0] — (English)
This review article raises issues associated with the present-day vector control strategies and state opportunities with a focus on ongoing research and recent advances to enable to sustain the gains achieved so far...

Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans [Heredity , (23 March 2011) | doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.16] — (English)
I begin by reviewing JBS Haldane's initial contribution to the potential of malaria genetic resistance in humans. Further, I discuss the population genetics aspects of many of the variants, including globin, G6PD deficiency, Duffy, ovalocytosis, ABO and human leukocyte antigen variants...

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Artemether-Lumefantrine after Initial and Repeated Treatment in Children < 5 Years of Age with Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Rural Tanzania: A Randomized Trial [Clin Infect Dis. (2011) 52(7): 873-882] — (English)
We assessed the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of artemether-lumefantrine, which is the most widely used artemisinin-based combination therapy in Africa, against Plasmodium falciparum malaria during an extended follow-up period after initial and repeated treatment...

Protective immunity to pre-erythrocytic stage malaria [Trends in Parasitology, 24 March 2011, 10.1016/j.pt.2011.02.002] — (English)
This review examines what is known about protective immunity against pre-erythrocytic stage malaria by considering the humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses that are induced by attenuated sporozoites and by the RTS,S vaccine...

Sickle cell disease and malaria morbidity: a tale with two tails [Trends in Parasitology, 22 March 2011, 10.1016/j.pt.2011.02.004] — (English)
More than 230 000 children are born in Africa with sickle cell disease (SCD) each year: approximately 85% of all affected births worldwide. Although malaria is commonly viewed as a major problem for African patients with this condition, questions still remain about its relative importance as a cause of ill heath and death. In the absence of definitive studies investigating the contribution of malaria to morbidity and mortality in African children with SCD, policy makers will continue to lack the evidence on which to base appropriate management guidelines...

Bayesian geostatistics in health cartography: the perspective of malaria [Trends in Parasitology, 18 March 2011, 10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.003] — (English)
BG provides a conceptually simple way to convert these samples to predictions of features of the unknown map, for example regional averages. These predictions account for each map in the sample, yielding an appropriate level of predictive precision...

Our impasse in developing a malaria vaccine [Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Volume 68, Number 7, 1105-1113, DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0634-5 ] — (English)
This critique presents some of the strategies employed by the parasite to overcome immunity and the immunological challenges that we face to develop vaccines. A conclusion is that a vaccine must identify novel antigens or epitopes that are not normally immunogenic and which are therefore not under immune pressure and most likely to be conserved between different strains. Such antigens are most likely to be targets of cellular immunity...

Beta Interferon Suppresses the Development of Experimental Cerebral Malaria [Infection and Immunity, April 2011, p. 1750-1758, Vol. 79, No. 4, doi:10.1128/IAI.00810-10] — (English)
We sought to determine whether IFN-β also limits disease progression in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Plasmodium berghei-infected mice treated with IFN-β died later and showed increased survival, with improved blood-brain barrier function, compared to infected mice...

The pharmacokinetic evaluation of artemisinin drugs for the treatment of malaria in paediatric populations [Informa, April 2011, Vol. 7, No. 4 , Pages 427-439 (doi:10.1517/17425255.2011.557064)] — (English)
There is currently a lack of published studies on the pharmacokinetics of artemisinin drugs in children and this subject is complicated by several interdependent variables. Therefore, the construction of a systems-based model of this subject should be a priority area in order to identify gaps in current knowledge to ensure their continued effective and safe use...

Tales from the bench: laboratory diagnosis of malaria [Tropical Doctor, Volume 41, Number 2, Pp. 106-107] — (English)
This is a practical laboratory overview of current detection methods for malaria parasites, suitable for use in developing countries...

A reaction–diffusion malaria model with incubation period in the vector population [Journal of Mathematical Biology, Volume 62, Number 4, 543-568, DOI: 10.1007/s00285-010-0346-8] — (English)
Numerically, we show that the use of the spatially averaged system may highly underestimate the malaria risk...

Efficacy model for antibody-mediated pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines [Proc. R. Soc. B 7 May 2011 vol. 278 no. 1710 1298-1305] — (English)
A mathematical model is formulated to estimate the probability of sporozoite infection as a function of antibody titres to multiple pre-erythrocytic antigens. The variation in antibody titres from field data was used to estimate the relationship between the probability of P. falciparum infection per infectious mosquito bite and antibody titre...

Expand+Diminished organelle motion in murine Kupffer cells during the erythrocytic stage of malaria [J. R. Soc. Interface 6 May 2011 vol. 8 no. 58 711-719] — (English)
We conclude that ingestion and metabolism of parasitized erythrocytes by liver macrophages during malaria infection decreases their organelle motion with likely consequences of compromised host defences...

Peroxisome proliferator activating receptor (PPAR) in cerebral malaria (CM): a novel target for an additional therapy [European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Volume 30, Number 4, 483-498, DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1122-9] — (English)
The major objective of this review is to explore the possible experimental studies to link these two areas of research. We focus on the data describing the beneficial effects of this receptor in inflammation, which is observed as a basic pathology in CM. In conclusion, PPARs could be a novel target in treating inflammatory diseases, and continued work with the available and additional agonists screened from various sources may result in a potential new treatment for CM...

Impact of Chemo-therapy on Optimal Control of Malaria Disease with Infected Immigrants [Biosystems, 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.12.010, Volume 104, Issue 1, April 2011, Pages 32-41] — (English)
We derived and analyzed rigorously a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of malaria infection with the recruitment of infected immigrants, treatment of infectives and spray of insecticides against mosquitoes in the population...

Threonine peptidases as drug targets against malaria [Informa, April 2011, Vol. 15, No. 4 , Pages 365-378 (doi:10.1517/14728222.2011.555399)] — (English)
This review discusses research on plasmodial threonine peptidases along with recent advances in proteasome inhibitor development...

Prediction of mitochondrial proteins of malaria parasite using bi-profile Bayes feature extraction [Biochimie. 2011 Apr;93(4):778-82] — (English)
In this work, two methods (PfMP-N25 and PfMP-30) for predicting mitochondrial proteins of P. falciparum were developed on the basis of a novel dataset PfM233...

A liquid–liquid LC/MS/MS assay for the determination of artemether and DHA in malaria patient samples [Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Volume 55, Issue 2, 15 May 2011, Pages 373-378, doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.036 ] — (English)
The assay was used to measure artemether and DHA in human plasma samples, which were generated from a safety and efficacy clinical trial in Mbarara, Uganda; as well as for a pharmacokinetic interaction study between the antimalarial combination artemether/lumefantrine and combination antiretroviral therapy including nevirapine in HIV-infected adults...

Fitness effects of endemic malaria infections in a wild bird population: the importance of ecological structure [Journal of Animal Ecology, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01836.x] — (English)
Our analyses suggest not only that endemic avian malaria may have multiple fitness effects on their hosts and that these effects are species dependent, but also that adding ecological structure (in this case parasite species and spatial variation in disease occurrence) to analyses of host–parasite interactions is an important step in understanding the ecology and evolution of these systems...

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